Africa



** Essential Questions **: **Political change cause conflict because other people would disagree with the political changes and will voice their opinion against it. This would lead to conflict between groups and could lead to armed violence between them. People generally do not like change and that would cause conflict.** **Nationalism causes people to become more accepting of what their country does regardless of what the country might do including how it affects others. High nationalism creates a unique identity to a nation but could also lead to unanimous hatred or disgust to the mother nation. It could also unite people together to settle dissenters in the nation and put down civil conflicts.** Would lead to hatred and thinks other nations are inferior. **If the countries do not like each other, they could impose economic sanctions on one another to try to get the other to submit to their demands. Likewise, two nations with a good relationship become trusted trade partners and economies will flourish. The former could be much worse if one nation gets its allies to do the same to the other and the results could be disastrous.** **Factors like nationalism and a sense of pride help unite the people together. If the nation is under threat, people would often band together to deal with a common threat. A charismatic leader and popular policies would also lead to a united country too.**
 * **How can political change cause conflict**
 * **How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires?**
 * **How can political relationships affect economic relationships?**
 * **What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation?**

Tragedies, culture, holidays, language, common viewpoints.

__Notes on Imperialism Video:__


 * China imports silver to trade with China
 * Chinese emperor said China had everything they needed.
 * Europeans introduced opium to China to force open trade: created many drug addicts
 * China wanted to stop opium trade but incited a war between China and Britain
 * Britain won and gained control of trade ports and gave spheres of influence over China to Europe.
 * Scramble of Africa happened over one century.
 * Many people died but Europeans died through disease mostly
 * Africa resisted against European but failed mostly due to guns
 * Not all rulers in colonies were Europeans. Was ruled through indirect rule.
 * Rulers did it to get education, still had power, and were going to get destroyed should they resist.
 * Some African tribes were able to make use of European technology to help, others suffered because of it.
 * Ethiopia was able to successfully maintain independent and still create an empire of sorts.
 * Egypt had modernized only to get bankrupted and ended up giving up rule to Britain.
 * Europeans exploited developing nations like mines to gain resources.
 * Africa had resources to help Europe industrialize.
 * European depended on intermediary governments to rule.

__Questions on Map:__

__Analysis of Quote:__ ** Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire. ** ** By Karl Liebknecht ** The quote describes how imperialism is something that affects the whole entire world but the bad part about imperialism is that the military force that is often used to subjugate the conquered people into colonies is so prevalent and it crushes their spirit and hope. It also the sucking out of the "blood" part is how imperialistic nations take resources straight from the colonies often with little concern with what damage would be done.

imperialism is chaotic and sucks life out of nations and dehumanizes people. advanced technology lets imperialistic nations mow down poeple like none other.

__Notes on Another Video on European Imperialism:__
 * imperialism is the domination of politics economy and culture aspect of another
 * imperialism brought great wealth to the parent nation
 * colonial nations usually suffered in oppression and sometimes death
 * Europeans thought colonization was noble b/c European infrastructure and government more stable compared to African.
 * Slave trade also caused intertribal warfare
 * industrialization gave Europeans ability to move fast and kill faster
 * African colonies served as resource giving places and ports for ships
 * Colonies were also pressured to give up on its own culture and to adopt Christianity
 * In Congo, Belgian rule exploited the Congolese that reduced populations
 * Only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent

__Scramble for Africa Markup:__ https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XdS9raFk72LlCpRCP7jIyrPZHZgb8ZIS3JIpaiDbWbU/edit?usp=sharing

** Picture Detective **: Question: Why would Uncle Sam have a Red Cross armband on his arm? Clues:
 * Ask a Question
 * What do you see )Clues)
 * What is the message of the political cartoon?
 * Uncle Sam carrying dark-skinned Native Americans as well as natives of Cuba up a mountain with rocks
 * British gentleman carrying Asian and African folk up mountain
 * Gold statue called Civilization at the top of mountain
 * Each rock is labeled with words such as "Brutality", "Vice", "Barbarism".
 * Uncle Sam and British dude is definitely sweating and struggling up mountain
 * The people being carried seemed shocked or dazed at what is happening

Message: The message of the cartoon is that the United States and Great Britain believed that they had a responsibility to make the barbaric peoples of native America and Africa be more "civilized" and in order to achieve such a result, they had to resort to violence and brutality to do so. This would be mocking because ironically, how they are trying to make the "barbarians" more civilized yet the US and great Britain are doing some pretty uncivilized stuff themselves in order to convert them.

Controlling nation would do whatever to reach limits of civilization. Social duty of Europeans to bring lesser peoples to civilization

__Graphic Organizer on Imperialism:__

__Kipler's Poem: "White Man's Burden"__ 1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”? The "White Man's Burden" is that it is the white man's responsibility to educated and make the barbarians that are the inhabitants of the Philippines and other possible colonies to be more "white" or civilized and be like the white man's culture. Basically, it is to make the Asian, black, and other non-white races and culture to be more Westernized and American. 2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”? The reward he suggested is the prestige that one would get from taking on the burden where people would be proud of the white man for doing so and would almost get awarded for taking on the task with a "laurel" which could be considered a high honor. 3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it? The people who would read his poem would be American politicians as well as skeptical Americans who are on the fence about imperialism. The politicians and citizens of the US may or may not like the idea of imperialism. Those who support imperialism wants to own colonies and be like other great European powers. Those who oppose does not like the idea of owning colonies since it contradicts America's own past. 4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why? I found the "Lightly proffered laurel" to be an interesting one since it seems that Kipling truly believed that owning such colonies is the key to becoming a great power which I believe is not true and other factors matter more than the number of colonies one owns like military and economic power. I also thought referring to the people living in the Philippines as "captives" while also saying that they have needs that the white man needs to help them solve was pretty interesting since he just assumes that those people need help when in reality they are probably fine on their own.

__Message of "The Black Man's Burden":__ The message is that they were the first to get subjugated by the whites since the blacks were so close to them in the first place and that because the white man's army is so strong and powerful and "fearless armies", the author questions why they would bother to stop at "long, bleeding Cuba" and "dark, Hawaii's shores" when they could go and subjugate the Philippines as well. The author critiques how the white man tries to deal with the problems that the Brown man may have through the use of "bullets, blood, or death" and justifying it with religion and that it is the duty of the white man to do so.

The people like the Philippians are powerless to stop the white man's. White man is just conquering all non-white folks.

__The Berlin Conference Markup:__ https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Pli707umTpNAolHdLkzVv1DYAedfQOOiTV7774MkY6k/edit?usp=sharing

__"Berlin 1885": Video Notes:__
 * Chancellor Bismarck of Germany brought together delegates from 16 different countries to sit down and talk about splitting Africa amongst themselves.
 * African nations not represented in meeting.
 * 6 months of secret talks, declarations, bargaining and dreams of wealth in Africa changes face and culture of Africa.
 * Europeans race to gain more territory.
 * The Berlin Conference document has the transcription of the conference written down that talks about the future of Africa.
 * Scramble for Africa was like a big strategic chess game.
 * Racist views of Africans was deeply ingrained in people's minds.
 * Conference draws lines on the map of Africa that are now the boundaries of modern countries today.

__Significance of Video:__ Division- Africa was divided Agreement- made sure countries did not war with each other over it Social Darwinism- Europeans being the strongest to subjugate Africa Enhancement/Prestige- make themselves look better ** Primary Sources on Imperialism in Africa **
 * Greed
 * Inconsiderate
 * Disaster
 * Trade
 * Power


 * Read each of the quotes or documents and answer the questions under each one:

"Throughout history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifference of those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered that has made it possible for evil to triumph." Haille Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975 Questions to consider :
 * Document 1**:
 * What is the perspective of the author? What events might have caused the author to think as he does?
 * The perspective of the author is that people who just idle around when they actually know what is going on and act oblivious to it is what let bad things happen so easliy. They do not bother to stop it at all. The events that caused this would probably be the imperialistic nature of the European nations that subjugate the African tribes and nations unjustly and sometimes brutally with no one really speaking out against it. No one really helped out Ethiopia when Italy invaded it either.
 * Why might the author be making this statement?
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Since the Scramble of Africa happened, no one had tried to stop the European incursion in Africa, leading to most of Africa falling to the European nations. Ethiopia itself was also attacked and almost subjugated by Italy as well.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How does the quote relate to Imperialism in Africa? Explain.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">No one outside of the tribes themselves had attempted to stop the European nations from conquering Africa and everyone turned a blind eye to the Europeans splitting Africa into parts instead of helping prevent that from happening.

**"On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885)** //Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races...// //I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But inour time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty.//
 * Document 2**:

//I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do withtout safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world.//

"The Rhodes of Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo" Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1892.Artists: Linley Sambourne
 * Who is the author of this piece of evidence? What is his viewpoint?
 * The author was a prime minister of France and believes that the white man is the superior race but believes that imperialism of the Scramble of Africa was not because of the superiority of races but rather, because of the necessity for ports for France's navy.
 * What justifications does he offer to support his viewpoint?
 * He asks the people to look on the map and show that France's navy would not have any other safe harbors for her to rest her ships if not for the harbors in Tunisia or Madagascar and how they offer "safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas".
 * Why might he be giving this speech? What is the purpose of this speech?
 * He be giving this speech to differentiate the French from other European nations where the French did not use slavery for example compared to the Spanish and tell that the French will help create a period where the superior white race help civilize the lesser races as well as expand in colonies through justification of more naval bases.
 * What does the speech tell you about life and attitudes of that time?
 * The general consensus among the Europeans is that they are better than everyone else racially where they believe whites are biologically superior to other races. They are also more concern with their own nation's interests such as bases for their navies or natural resources to help themselves rather than the well-being of the natives of their colonies which they aim to civilize through brutality.
 * Document 3**:


 * Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias?
 * The political cartoon was published in England in 1892. Since this was published during the imperialistic period, the perspective on the whole issue of imperialism in Africa would most likely be positive but the cartoon is mocking imperialism by the British in showing how the colonies in South Africa and East Africa were all under the control of the British but it was more like that the British uses brute force to forcibly puppet the governments that they take over..
 * What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo)
 * Colossus would be chosen as the British is essentially a "colossus" in being able to control key points in Africa to control trade as well as the pun on Cecil Rhodes' name. The striding would indicate how despite the key colonies of the British are so far apart from each other, they are still connected together through them might of the British. Cape Town and Cairo are just simply the more important and key colonies in Africa under the British control in order to control trade with the East.
 * Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see?
 * The Rhodes of Colossus is a pun on the person, colonialist Cecil Rhodes who is the one shown there. One can see him holding puppet strings attached to Cape Town and Cairo as well as a gloomy look at Africa in black and white. Rhodes is also carrying a rifle with him.
 * What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim?
 * The artists viewpoint is that imperialism is just using brute force to subjugate others into obeying a power like the British. The puppet strings shows forced control on those cities and the rifle shows the brute force. His outstretched legs shows the intentions of the British to connect the colonies.

"//**Moshweshewe: Letter ton Sir George Grey, 1858" written by Mark X of Moshweshewe, Chief of the Basutos**//. __Markup:__ https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WLMZiDZOXkLBZNDVX-pIyuBDXHxxa70c0VRYD4wDd18/edit?usp=sharing
 * Document 4**:


 * Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?
 * The author is an African chief who is writing to a British officer to complain about how the Boers are intruding on his tribe's lands and pushing them away and ask for the justice of t he queen to prevent them from doing so any longer.
 * The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....)
 * The Boers were a group of Dutch settlers who settled in South Africa and moved inland to escape British rule which is kind of ironic considering the assurance to the chief by the British that the settlers were under the control of the British crown. Sir Harry Smith was a military leader of the British which would make sense in him trying to exert the Queen's control of the lands as well as the subsequent annexation of the Boers' lands and the chief's land as well.
 * Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.
 * The letter was not successful in fulfilling its purpose because clearly, none of the British leaders and representatives really took into consideration the light of the African chief and his people. Ultimately, the land that the chief wanted to talk to the Queen about was annexed by the British and that issue was not raised in front of the Queen ever again.

**Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896.**
 * Document 5**:

So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated.But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different.


 * How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?
 * They were treated like "slaves" by the imperialists. The people were also not treated all too well with the women being harmed and people getting killed without remorse.
 * Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?
 * The rebellion was unsuccessful due to the disorganization of the African men in comparison to the Europeans as well as the guns, machine guns, and rifles that the Europeans had that easily wiped out the African men.

**Document 6**: **Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907.**

And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us,fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice


 * Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?
 * He is an African chief involved in a battle on the Congo River. He is talking about the aftermath of the battle and how the African men retreated home and into the forests only to return to their villages that were burnt down and torched by the mercenaries.
 * Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.
 * The "long sticks" that shot out fire and the "pieces of iron" that went past their heads were the guns and bullets that the mercenaries used to kill the African men and send them running. Them running into their "village" and fleeing into a forest and dropping to the ground shows just how afraid they were of the new weapons of the mercenaries. The ending of how their villages were "plundered and burned" shows the ultimate defeat of the Africans.
 * What is the chief's opinion of the British?
 * The chief believes the British are much more wicked then the Africans will ever be and that they are unjust people in using guns to take land away from them.

**Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906**.
 * Document 7**:

The chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking.


 * What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim
 * The German military officer was trying to show how the East Africans were so desperate to create a false medicine that was simply "water, maize, and sorghum grains" in order to make their people falsely believe they are invincible and all that just to face up to the might of the German army. It shows that the East Africans are losing the war and is mocking them.
 * Why do you think the Africans made such claims?
 * The Africans made such claims in order to increase prevent the African people from becoming accustomed to foreign influence and to help boost morale in claiming the medicine would "gurantee a good harvest" and other positive things like invulnerability. Since the Africans are losing the war, the creation of such "medicine" is intended to create a placebo effect where the people underneath the medicine drug would be able to face up to the European guns, at least spiritually.

**Document 8**: Smithsonian Institution sponsored African expedition for Theodore Roosevelt, 1909-1910. Photo was used as an illustration in Theodore Roosevelt's book, "African Game Trails" published in 1910.


 * Describe the person and objects in this photo.
 * The person in this photo is Theodore Roosevelt who was president of the United States before leaving office right before this expedition. He seems to be wearing a hunter's outfit and is also armed with a hunting rifle. He is standing next to the dead carcass of an elephant.
 * What is the purpose of the photograph?
 * The purpose of this photograph is to show how even the Americans had intruded on African soil and taken what was not theirs and killed off and took a large number of wildlife from Africa for the purposes of science.
 * What economic or social implications does this photo indicate about Africa in 1909?
 * The economic and social implications that is indicated about Africa from the photo is that there seems to be a strong incentive to go hunting the game and animals in Africa either for ivory from elephants or for defense or for the heck of it. It also seems like people were willing to go into Africa for fun in hunting despite the rather tense atmosphere there with all the colonies and upset tribes.


 * Document 9**:


 * What European industries benefited from African resources?
 * Industries that benefited from the resources includes the textile industry, rubber industry, cosmetics, creation of metal alloys, food processing, jewelry industry, and the rope industry
 * Which European country do you feel had the most valuable colonies? Why?
 * I feel like Great Britain seems to have the most valuable colonies since they got one that is producing gold and diamonds, two very valuable resources for their monetary value and the production of numerous metals needed to make metal alloys which are then used for many other equipment and items. Great Britain's access to coal also allows them to fuel their industries further.
 * How could this document be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa?
 * With so many different kinds of untapped pools of resources, the Europeans could easily be able to excavate and take those resources back home for their own use. For the most part, the resources were not taken or excavated at all by the native tribes there so the abundance of the resources crucial for industrialization is too alluring to ignore.


 * Document 10**:

"Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence. . . The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their own economy.  Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they, together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization. . ." Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962


 * In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist to years of colonialism?
 * The nationalist wants African countries themselves to make use of the raw materials that they have and all the coal they have as sources of power to help industrialize themselves to stand up to the colonial powers that once took their resources.